CLl-PAST-OBJ
16 tu The fresh new REFLEXIVE PREFIX In the ZULU – A TYPOLOGICAL Position Sonja Elizabeth. Bosch On this page I’ll take a look at the new origins of the reflexive prefix when you look at the Zulu, using special attention towards procedure of grammaticalization which lexemes turn into grammatical formatives. Due to the fact reflexivization in a number of Bantu dialects would be compared, the article are typically in the type of a great typological studies. In Lehmann s () conversation of one’s phenomena being known as reflexive, it’s interesting to remember which he assumes five categories of reflexives, particularly 0) autophoric nouns which happen to be ordinary nouns for example human body, breath, heart, head you to ple, in Sanscrit the fresh new noun dtman meaning breathing, spirit, and also in Basque, the fresh new noun burua meaning lead, are acclimatized to display the same as English self. Autophoric nouns put just like the reflexives are often with an excellent possessive pronoun, as with the second example regarding Vedic: Vedic (1) bdlam dadhana dtmani power:acc place:region getting fuel for the themselves (ii) reflexive nouns being getiton recenzja nouns stating the definition care about and absolutely nothing else, for instance the Italian language selbst me and Finnish itse since illustrated regarding the adopting the instances: 344
17 German (2) Ich komme selbst I am future myself Finnish (3) Halu-at-ko lipu-t itse-lle-quand? want-dos.sg-int pass-acc.pl worry about-all-poss.dos.sg Do you need the brand new entry for yourself? In languages such as for example Finnish, Hungarian and Turkish reflexive nouns just take possessive affixes, during most other dialects for example German or perhaps the Relationship languages, such nouns are not typically alongside possessive pronouns. (iii) reflexive pronouns that have the primary aim of it comes down back once again to the topic, like the Italian language sich when you look at the: German (4) Sie waschen sich He is laundry on their own (iv) verbal reflexives which can be verb affixes appearing that step somehow affects the topic, like in the next instances: Swahili (5) a-li-ji-ona SBJ.REFL-look for the guy saw themselves Turkish (6) focuk yika-n-di guy wash-refl-beyond the kid wash themselves Lehmann () stresses that borders involving the kinds are fluid and you may claims these particular five kinds of reflexive aspects are in reality to your a size of broadening grammaticalization.
Put simply, you can find that it because an excellent continuum out-of change that may feel portrayed the following: 345
18 Lexical items Grammatical * morpheme Lehmann (ff) brings advice in various dialects so you’re able to train the changes with occurred otherwise will always be going on in one classification so you can the following. The whole process of alter is affirmed by the Faltz () just who, with regard to his morphological difference in two main particular reflexives, particularly NP-reflexives that could incorporate a nominal morpheme becoming direct of your own reflexive noun terminology, and you can spoken reflexives, comprising reflexive pronouns that are cliticized onto the verb, remarks: Languages may change from you to rod for the almost every other, in reality, such as for example movement are necessarily regarding the NP-reflexive pole to the spoken reflexive pole. Within the Zulu reflexiveness try know as a beneficial prefix hence myself precedes this new verb stalk. The newest reflexive prefix was invariable in shape, which means that it is an effective morphological shape and this remains ongoing no matter what the class to which its antecedent belongs. This is exactly demonstrably illustrated regarding adopting the examples in the Zulu: (7a) Umfana wazishaya the brand new-guy he-himself strike the child hit himself (7b) Intombazane izibona esibukwini the fresh-woman she-herself-get in-echo The woman notices by herself on echo During these advice -zi- ’s the reflexive morpheme together with steps of hit to check out are led straight back on brand new respective grammatical victims, that is, son and you can woman. It is interesting one from inside the generative studies, a significant notion is done for the root design away from phrases which has reflexives, specifically NP1 – V – NP1. On the surface, such a construction is ungrammatical on the Bantu languages should your one or two NPs is co-referential and you may similar fit, elizabeth.grams. (8) *USipho wakhohlisa usipho * Sipho cheated Sipho In the Zulu such a phrase is generated grammatical by the installation of a beneficial reflexive prefix from the verb and you will the latest removal of co-referential noun. age.g. 346